Abstract: The effectiveness of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bonding strengthening technology fundamentally depends on the interfacial bond performance between FRP and concrete, with interfacial debonding failure being the key factor limiting its safe and efficient application. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in this field. First, the interfacial mechanical behavior under various loads is summarized: the constitutive models, failure mechanisms, and prediction methods under static, fatigue, and dynamic loads are discussed, highlighting strain rate effects and fatigue damage evolution as critical characteristics. Second, the environmental and time-dependent effects are analyzed, revealing the degradation mechanisms of interfacial performance due to environmental factors such as hygrothermal and freeze-thaw cycles, as well as the durability challenges posed by interfacial creep under sustained loads. Furthermore, the synergistic deterioration effects caused by multi-field coupling of mechanical and environmental factors are explored, and the application and limitations of intelligent methods like machine learning in interfacial performance prediction and damage monitoring are reviewed. Although existing studies have established some theories and models, significant challenges remain, including insufficient model universality, lack of standardized testing methods, unclear mechanisms of multi-factor coupling, and scarce long-term performance data. Future research should advance towards deeper mechanistic understanding and broader coupling investigations: cross-scale experiments and theories should be developed to reveal the fundamental failure mechanisms; systematic multi-field coupling tests simulating real service environments should be conducted to establish accelerated aging and life prediction frameworks; intelligent “gray-box” models integrating physical mechanisms with data-driven methods should be developed. The ultimate goal is to promote the establishment of a probabilistic time-dependent reliability design system, providing a theoretical foundation and standardization for the long-term safety of FRP-strengthened structures.